PYELONEPHRITIS IN CHILDREN: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) often occur in children. It is estimated that 8% of girls and 2% of boys will have at least one episode by age seven. Of these children, 12–30% will relapse within one year. Australian hospitalization records show that pediatric UTIs account for 12% of all UTI hospitalizations. The purpose of this article is to review the pathogenesis, clinical assessment, and treatment of UTIs, as well as prevention strategies in children. Clinically, pediatric manifestations of UTIs are complex as symptoms are vague and variable. Young children may present with sepsis or fever and no specific symptoms, while older children may present with classic signs such as dysuria, frequent urination, and low back pain. Early diagnosis, using appropriate methods of urine collection, testing, and treatment, is essential to prevent kidney damage and recurrence. Effective, evidence-based studies and treatment options are available, and clinicians should feel confident in identifying and treating UTIs in children.